Balloon Assisted Technique in Peripheral Interventions: A Useful Tool

Balloon Assisted Technique (BAT) consists in the use of a balloon catheter advanced in a parallel fashion to the main catheter in the same artery to overcome problems during endovascular interventions. This technique is already quite often applied in neuroradiologic endovascular interventions, mainly for endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms with a wide neck, as proposed by Moret and known as “remodeling technique” [1]. Also cardiologists use balloon assisted tracking during coronary interventions and they have introduced the same acronym BAT. In peripheral endovascular interventions BAT technique is rarely reported [2-5]. We describe some original applications of BAT of our experience.

Giant aneurysm of pancreatic-duodenal artery. Female, 65 yrs Abdominal CT exam identified a 5 cm aneurysm of pancreatic-duodenal artery probably due to occlusion of the origin of the celiac trunk caused by Dunbar Syndrome. Follow-up CT demonstrated a mild enlargement of the aneurysm and for this reason an endovascular treatment was proposed. Coiling of the aneurysm was rejected due to the risk of occlusion of the parent artery feeding the gastroduodenal, hepatic and splenic artery and we considered to exclude the aneurysm with a flow-diverter stent. Procedure was done in local anesthesia using brachial approach. After Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) catheterization a 6F guiding catheter (Envoy Cardinal Health) was advanced at the origin of the pancreatic-duodenal artery, close to the aneurysm (Figure 1a). A .014 guidewire (V14 Boston) was advanced distally to the aneurysm, but with a large “loop” inside it (Figure 1b). For this reason, a second .014 wire was advanced parallel to the first one and a rapid exchange 7 mm balloon (Sterling Boston) was inflated close to the distal end of the first wire (Figure 1b). The first wire was gently retracted until the “loop” disappeared (Figure 1c). Also the second wire could be straightened and guiding catheter was advanced distal to the aneurysm. In this way the flow diverter stent easily advanced in the correct position and deployed (Figure 1d). CT follow-up after 20 days showed correct position of the flow diverter and exclusion of the aneurysmatic sac (Figure 1e).

Figure 1a: A 65 yrs woman with aneurysm of pancreatic-duodenal artery; guiding advanced at the origin of the pancreatic-duodenal artery, close to the aneurysm.

 

Figure 1b: A 65 yrs woman with aneurysm of pancreatic-duodenal artery; guide wires advanced distally to the aneurysm, but with a large “loop” inside it. Second wire was advanced parallel to first and rapid exchange balloon (arrow) was inflated close to distal end of first wire.

 

Figure 1c: A 65 yrs woman with aneurysm of pancreatic-duodenal artery; in this way the first wire could be gently retracted until “loop” disappeared (small arrows).

 

Figure 1d: A 65 yrs woman with aneurysm of pancreatic-duodenal artery; also second wire was straightened and guiding catheter was advanced distal to the aneurysm, allowing the flow diverter stent to be easily advanced in the correct position and deployed.

 

Figure 1e: A 65 yrs woman with aneurysm of pancreatic-duodenal artery; CT follow-up after 3 months showed correct position of the flow diverter and exclusion of the aneurysmal sac.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with parallel stent grafting technique. Male, 75 yrs an asymptomatic juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm of 5 cm of maximum diameter, was detected during abdominal US performed for unrelated pathology. CT-angiography confirmed the lesion starting just below the origin of SMA and involving both renal arteries. Patient preferred to be treated immediately instead of undergoing an imaging surveillance. An advanced EVAR treatment was planned with “parallel” stenting of both renal arteries and SMA because at that time this was our first choice of treatment for these type aneurysms. After surgical cut-down of the axillary artery two long introducer-sheaths were advanced, one in SMA and one in left renal artery. Right renal artery was approached from one of two femoral accesses; however advancement of stiff guidewire (Amplatz Super stiff-Boston) was problematic due to unfavorable angle. For this reason we decided to inflate an occlusion balloon (Reliant Medtronic) just over the origin of renal arteries while advancing the stiff wire in the right renal artery (Figure 2a) and after this, with the same modality, a 7F long introducer sheath (Destination Terumo) was introduced inside the artery (Figure 2b). After correct positioning of all sheaths the balloon covered stents were advanced and deployed at the origin of target vessels and EVAR treatment was completed as usual (Figure 2b).

 

Figure 2a: A 75 yrs man with asymptomatic iuxtarenal abdominal aortic. An advanced EVAR treatment was planned with “parallel” stenting of both renal arteries and SMA; an occlusion aortic balloon was inflated just over the origin of renal arteries giving support to a stiff wire that could be advanced in the right renal artery.

 

Figure 2b: A 75 yrs man with asymptomatic iuxtarenal abdominal aortic. An advanced EVAR treatment was planned with “parallel” stenting of both renal arteries and SMA; after a 7F long introducer sheath was introduced inside the artery and all balloon covered stents were advanced and deployed at the origin of target vessels.

Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) with atypical feeding artery. Male, 68 yrs History of HCC treated with multiple chemoembolization procedures. At CT follow-up an incomplete response was detected in a nodule of the 7^th segment and a feeding artery supplied by right diaphragmatic artery was suspected. Selective angiography of celiac trunk was done but visualization of right diaphragmatic artery was faint. To increase visibility of this artery a second femoral access was done and a balloon catheter inflated in the proximal celiac trunk improving detection of right diaphragmatic artery which was then easily catheterized. Selective injection confirmed feeding artery to the 7^th segment HCC nodule and TACE procedure could be done.

The use of BAT in peripheral interventional radiology is rarely reported and just some case reports can be found in literature: in performing carotid stenting [2], to advance long sheaths through freshly placed stents or anatomical difficult vessels [3], to enable superselective catheterization of inaccessible small arteries [4], to remove inferior vena cava tilted filter with apex in contact with caval wall and covered by an endothelial cap [5]. Our 3 cases show further applications of BAT. In the first case BAT is used to straighten a guidewire in order to favor the advancement of a stent, while in the second case it was used to push a stiff guidewire in a renal artery with an unfavorable angle. In the last case BAT improved visualization of a small artery, such as the diaphragmatic artery. More than a technique we believe that BAT is a “maneuver” to be tailored for every complex situation with specific materials to resolve complex situations. In our center only more expert interventionalists have used this “maneuver” and usually as last option, in complex cases, as the ones here described. It must be emphasized that possible complications, as dissections, due to balloon inflation, may occur, also if in our limited experience this was not observed.

These are some possible applications of BAT. Based on our experience we believe that in every difficult interventional radiologic procedure, BAT should be considered as a helpful way to solve complicated maneuvers. More than a technique we feel that BAT is a “maneuver” to be tailored for every complex situation with specific materials.