Journal of Neonatology & Clinical Pediatrics Category: Clinical Type: Research Article
Interrelations between Serum N-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (Nt-Probnp) Levels and Early Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Echocardiographic Parameters in Obese Adolescents
- Mehmet Boyraz1, Ozgur Pirgon2*, Bumin Dundar3, Bedir Akyol4, Nezaket Eren5
- 1 Department Of Pediatric Endocrinology And Diabetes, Faculty Of Medicine, Fatih University, Ankara, Turkey
- 2 Department Of Pediatric Endocrinology And Diabetes, Faculty Of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
- 3 Department Of Pediatric Endocrinology And Diabetes, Faculty Of Medicine, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey
- 4 Department Of Pediatric Cardiology, Sadi Konuk Training And Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- 5 Department Of Biochemistry, Sisli Etfal Training And Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
*Corresponding Author:
Ozgur PirgonDepartment Of Pediatric Endocrinology And Diabetes, Faculty Of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
Tel:+90 2462119302,
Email:ozgurpirgon@gmail.com
Received Date: Aug 02, 2014 Accepted Date: Jan 30, 2015 Published Date: Feb 06, 2015
Abstract
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
Natriuretic peptide signaling may actively influence differential body fat distribution. N-Terminal-pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) and brain natriuretic peptide are useful for the diagnosis of heart failure, and their high levels in serum and plasma, respectively, are related to wall stress, which is often increased in severe obesity. High brain natriuretic peptide as well as high NT-proBNP are new promising cardiovascular risk markers and have been associated with high blood pressure, and LV hypertrophy [9,10]. These are sensitive markers of cardiac dysfunction and may be useful in the early diagnosis of cardiac loading.
NT-proBNP is extremely reliable due to the high negative predictive value so it is used more frequently than from brain natriuretic peptide [11,12]. Recent findings on the relationship between NT-proBNP and metabolic parameters, morphologic and dynamic cardiac abnormalities in adolescent obesity are still inconsistent and controversial. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations of serum NT-proBNP levels to cardiovascular risk factors, echocardiographic and metabolic parameters in obese adolescents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients
The adolescents receiving treatment for any reason, syndromic ones and patients having either an endocrinological disease or familial dyslipidemia were dismissed from the study. Patients were excluded if they had any systemic disease, including type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, taking medications, or had a condition known to effect insulin action, or insulin secretion (e.g., glucocorticoid therapy, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease). This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines proposed in the Helsinki Declaration and was received the approval of Istanbul Sisli Etfal Research Hospitals Ethics Committee on 19 July, 2011. The informed consent form was obtained from the patients or the legal guardians.
Anthropometric variables
Blood pressure
Laboratory analyses
N-Terminal Pro B-Type natriuretic peptide measurements
Insulin sensitivity measurement
Echocardiographic evaluation
Conventional echocardiography measurements were performed by using recommendation of the American Society of Echocardiography [18]. The LV mass and the LV mass index were calculated by using the method of Woythaler and his colleagues, which is also a modification of the method of Devereux and Reichek [1].
Pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging
The thickness of the epicardial adipose tissue was measured from the right ventricular free wall in the parasternal long axis view. The epicardial adipose tissue was identified as an echo-free space in the pericardial layers on the two-dimensional echocardiography, and its thickness was measured perpendicularly on the free wall of the right ventricle at end diastole [19,20].
To standardize the set point of measurement between different observers, the aortic annulus was used as the anatomic reference. The measurement was performed at a point on the free wall of the right ventricle along the midline of the ultrasound beam perpendicular to the aortic annulus. The average value from three cardiac cycles was used for the statistical analyses.
Carotid intima-media thickness measurements
Statistical analysis
RESULTS
Leans | Obese | ||
Mild-moderate | Severe | ||
n | 63 | 95 | 43 |
Age (mo) | 170.3 ± 27.0 | 169.6 ± 20.1 | 162.1 ± 23.2 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 20.1 ± 1.3 | 33.9 ± 9.3‡ | 39.4 ± 4.0†.* |
BMI-SDS | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2‡ | 2.7 ± 0.2* |
Waist circumference (cm) | 67.0 ± 5.8 | 102.7 ± 8.7‡ | 112.3 ± 11.1†.* |
Hip circumference (cm) | 91.0 ± 7.6 | 114.4 ± 8.5‡ | 124.3 ± 10.0†.* |
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 84.5 ± 10.3 | 90.1 ± 9.3‡ | 91.6 ± 9.2† |
Fasting insulin (mIU/ml) | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 26.6 ± 15.2‡ | 27.0 ± 11.5† |
HOMA-IR | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 5.9 ± 3.9‡ | 5.7 ± 2.7† |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 48.2 ± 16.8 | 46.1 ± 10.2 | 45.3 ± 11.3 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 80.4 ± 29.2 | 110.1 ± 142.5‡ | 100.8 ± 25.3† |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 144.5 ± 37.3 | 122.8 ± 62.0‡ | 131.7 ± 59.9† |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 164.1 ± 36.2 | 168.9 ± 35.7 | 174.4 ± 35.0† |
NT- proBNP (pg/ml) | 44.3 ± 23.3 | 67.2 ± 64.4‡ | 76.0 ± 49.7† |
High sensitivity CRP (mg/L) | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 1.1‡ | 2.7 ± 1.0†.* |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | 105.2 ± 11.7 | 128.0 ± 14.3‡ | 128.0 ± 14.3‡ |
Diastolic Blood Pressure(mm Hg) | 71.8 ± 7.0 | 83.0 ± 10.3‡ | 86.7 ± 10.8† |
Left ventricular mass index (gr/m2) | 62.4 ± 18.2 | 88.5 ± 23.0‡ | 87.5 ± 34.8† |
Myocardial performance index | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1†.* |
Carotid intima-media thickness (mm) | 0.52 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.18‡ | 0.91 ± 0.23† |
Epicardial adipose tissue thicknesses (mm) | 4.28 ± 0.79 | 7.38 ± 1.76‡ | 7.42 ± 1.55† |
‡ p < 0.05 Leans vs. mild-moderate obese
† p < 0.05 Leans vs. severe obese
BMI: Body Mass Index; HDL-C: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; LDL-C: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; NT- proBNP : N-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide; Values are mean ±SD
The average LV mass index was greater in the mildly-moderately and severely obese group than in the control group (88.5 ± 23, 87.5 ± 34.8and 62.4 ± 18.2 g/m2 respectively, p:0.012), but there was no difference between the groups in obesity (p>0.05).
The average carotid IMT was 0.88 ± 0.18 and 0.91 ± 0.23 mm respectively in the mildly-moderately and severely obese group and 0.52 ± 0.08 mm in the control group (p:0.002). However, significant differences were not observed between obesity groups (p>0.05). The average EATT was 7.38 ± 1.76 and 7.42 ± 1.55 mm respectively in the mildly-moderately and severely obese and 4.28 ± 0.79 mm in the control group (p:0.0032). The mitral valve pulsed-wave Doppler analyses show a statistically significant difference between leans and obese groups in terms of diastolic early wave peak velocity (E'), diastolic late wave peak velocity (A'), (E'/A'), isovolumic relaxation time, average MPI, accelaration time and average decelaration time. The average acceleration time, average deceleration time and average MPI were greater in severe obese group than mild-moderate obese group (p<0.05). The results of the tissue Doppler imaging studies from the mitral annulus for three groups are summarized in Table 2. In the all obese group, there were statistically significant correlations between BMI and LV mass index (r:0.38, p:0.03), MPI (r:0. 72, p:0.003 and) carotid IMT (r:0.34, p:0.033) and EATT (r:0.45, p:0.023). Moreover; a statistically significant positive correlation was found between EATT and the carotid IMT (r:0.60, p:0.002).
Leans | Obese | ||
Mild-moderate | Severe | ||
n | 63 | 95 | 43 |
Left ventricular systolic function | |||
Ejection fraction (%) | 65.3 ± 3.8 | 64.6 ± 4.1 | 64.5 ± 3.7 |
Fractional shortening (%) | 35.4±2.9 | 35.3 ± 3.2 | 34.9 ± 2.7 |
Left ventricular diastolic function | |||
Diastolic early wave peak velocity (cm/sn) | 17.8 ± 2.9 | 16.8 ± 3.1‡ | 16.9 ± 3.1† |
Diastolic late wave peak velocity (cm/sn) | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 7.3 ± 1.5‡ | 7.7 ± 1.7† |
E’/A’ | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 0.6‡ | 2.3 ± 0.5† |
Isovolumic relaxation time (ms) | 49.1 ± 8.3 | 50.7 ± 8.3‡ | 53.7 ± 10.3† |
Acseleration time (ms) | 53.9 ± 8.5 | 52.6 ± 9.0‡ | 48.6 ± 8.4†,* |
Deceleration time (ms) | 74.3 ± 9.6 | 73.6 ± 9.8‡ | 66.0 ± 6.0†,* |
Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function | |||
Myocardial performance index | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1†,* |
* p < 0.05 Mild-moderate obese vs. severe obese
‡ p < 0.05 Leans vs. mild-moderate obese
† p < 0.05 Leans vs. severe obese
NT-proBNP measurement in relation to obesity, metabolic and hemodynamic risk factors

Obese | ||||
Mild-moderate | Severe | |||
r | p | r | p | |
Body composition | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.484 | 0.001 | 0.667 | <0.001 |
BMI-SDS | 0.384 | 0.004 | 0.667 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.226 | 0.04 | 0.545 | <0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 0.315 | 0.01 | 0.516 | <0.001 |
Metabolic factors | ||||
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 0.122 | NS | 0.135 | NS |
Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 0.133 | NS | 0.123 | NS |
HOMA-IR | 0.116 | NS | 0.084 | NS |
HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.020 | NS | 0.023 | NS |
LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.114 | NS | 0.119 | NS |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | -0.183 | NS | -0.112 | NS |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.056 | NS | 0.077 | NS |
High sensitive CRP (mg/dl) | 0.063 | NS | 0.067 | NS |
Hemodynamic factors | ||||
Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | 0.128 | NS | 0.289 | 0.04 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | 0.319 | 0.004 | 0.598 | <0.001 |
Heart rate | 0.088 | NS | 0.022 | NS |
Left ventricular thickness | ||||
LVPWd(cm) | 0.155 | NS | 0.424 | <0.001 |
IVSs (cm) | 0.134 | NS | 0.114 | NS |
IVSd (cm) | 0.394 | <0.001 | 0.495 | <0.001 |
LVPWs (cm) | 0.451 | <0.001 | 0.456 | <0.001 |
LVPWt (cm) | 0.435 | <0.001 | 0.544 | <0.001 |
LV mass index (gr/m2) | 0.383 | 0.0019 | 0.649 | <0.001 |
Left ventricular systolic function | ||||
Ejection fraction (%) | 0.043 | NS | 0.297 | 0.021 |
Fractional shortening (%) | 0.015 | NS | 0.025 | NS |
Left ventricular diastolic function | ||||
Diastolic early wave peak velocity (cm/sn) | 0.021 | NS | 0.040 | NS |
Diastolic late wave peak velocity (cm/sn) | 0.028 | NS | 0.024 | NS |
E’/A’ | 0.012 | NS | 0.021 | NS |
Acceleration time (ms) | 0.305 | 0.034 | 0.279 | 0.045 |
Deceleration time (ms) | 0.059 | NS | 0.044 | NS |
Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function | ||||
Myocardial performance index | 0.033 | NS | 0.288 | 0.042 |
Indicators of early atherosclerosis | ||||
Carotid IMT (mm) | 0.299 | 0.029 | 0.325 | 0.003 |
EATT (mm) | 0.233 | NS | 0.339 | 0.022 |
Nt-proBNP measurement in relation to subclinical cardiovascular damage
BMI: Body Mass Index; EATT: Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness; HDL-C: High Density Lipoprotein - Cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; LDL-C: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LV: Left Ventricular; LVPWd: Left Ventricular Posterior Wall diastolic thickness; LVPWs: Left Ventricular Posterior Wall systolic thickness; LVPWt: Left Ventricular Posterior Wall thickness; IV: Interventricular; IVSs: Interventricular Septum systolic thickness; IVSd: Interventricular Septum diastolic thickness
NT-proBNP measurement in relation to hypertension
Obese | |||
Hypertensive | Normotensive | p | |
n | 34 | 104 | |
NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 86.5 ± 39.7 | 63.2 ± 44.4 | 0.023 |
Left ventricular mass index (gr/m2) | 78.5 ± 27.0 | 68.4 ± 16.8 | 0.042 |
Myocardial performance index | 0.42 ± 0.1 | 0.40 ± 0.1 | 0.860 |
Carotid intima-media thicknesses (mm) | 0.88 ± 0.2 | 0.71 ± 0.13 | 0.012 |
Epicardial adipose tissue thicknesses(mm) | 7.12 ± 1.45 | 7.28 ± 1.56 | 0.980 |
Table 4: Comparison of the plasma N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels, left ventricular mass index values, myocardial performance index, carotid intima-media, and epicardial adipose tissue thicknesses in obese subjects with normal and elevated blood pressures.
DISCUSSION
We found significant differences in NT-proBNP levels among the groups. In children there are a few studies examining the relations between NT-proBNP levels and obesity. In a study, NT-proBNP concentrations were found to be higher in obese children than the control group similar results of our study [23]. Childhood obesity causes to changes in the heart’s structure and function and it is associated with cardiovascular risk factors [24]. Starting from childhood, myocardial mass parallels the increase in BMI. It is shown that LV hypertrophy occurs in obesity and that this hypertrophy is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases [25,26]. In the current study, the LV mass index was higher in the obese group than in the control group. This difference was statistically significant because it is known that LV hypertrophy affects diastolic function negatively. On the other hand, in obese patients with no ventricle hypertrophy, cardiac functions may deteriorate. Moreover, this deterioration may be seen in each ventricle [27,28].
Obesity is an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Neeland IJ et al., demonstrated a significant association between higher levels of natriuretic peptides and adiposity, including decreased visceral and liver fat and increased lower body fat, independent of age, sex, race, and obesity-status [29]. We found that serum NT-proBNP levels were higher in patients with the obesity attributable to straight relationships between serum NT-proBNP and LV mass index, LV ejection fraction and MPI independently of age, gender, and metabolic and hemodynamic cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Bradham WS et al., [30] reported that in adult patients, insulin resistance is associated with higher concentrations of NT-pro-BNP, however; we did not find a significant correlation between insulin levels, insulin sensitivity markers and NT-pro-BNP levels.
In adult studies, the EATT was significantly correlated with the severity of coronary artery stenosis for patients with the known coronary artery disease [31]. Obesity seems to be a predisposing factor for the accumulation of excessive epicardial fat, however; we foundno siginificant correlation between EATT and BMI in our study. Carotid IMT measurement is widely used method in the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis [32]. Di Salvo et al., [33] showed that carotid IMT was not greater in obese children than in nonobese control children. Iannuzzi et al., [34] reported that carotid IMT was increased in children with metabolic syndrome, but that this increase was not statistically significant. Numerous studies have shown that carotid IMT was increased in obese children andit is widely agreed that this increase in childhood is related to atherosclerosis in adulthood [35,36]. In our study, the carotid IMT measurements were significantly increased in the obese group compared to the control group. In addition to the study, a statistically significant correlation was found between EATT and carotid IMT. It is shown that the EATT is associated with atherosclerosis.
Natriuretic peptide hormones are very important for the maintenance of extracellular fluid volume within a narrow range despite wide variations in dietary sodium intake. The primary stimulus for natriuretic peptide release is myocyte stretching. Plasma levels of BNP and NT-proBNP are elevated in adult patients with a wide range of heart diseases including LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Thus, they serve as markers for heart disease [37]. Increased NT-proBNP levels were found to be closely related to cardiac structure and function and to be a strong independent indicator for long-term outcome in obese patients. In adult studies, increased serum NT-proBNP levels were found in cases with LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction [38,39]. Kim et al., [40] studied adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and found a positive correlation of the serum NT-proBNP levels with the end-diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum and LV mass index. In this study, NT-proBNP levels were found to be significantly higher in obese adolescent than healthy controls and its levels were higher in obese cases with asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction than in normal control subjects. To the best of our knowledge, serum NT-proBNP levels in obese children have been previously reported in two different studies to date regardless of the presence of systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction. Saritas et al., [23] showed that NT-proBNP was greater in obese children than in nonobese control children but they reported no correlations between the serum NT-proBNP levels and the body weight, carotid IMT, EATT, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, LV mass index and MPI values. Contrary to the this study performed with children,we detected statistically significant correlations between the serum NT-proBNP and BMI, blood pressure, LV mass index, carotid IMT and EATT in severely obese adolescent compared with non-obese and control adolescents. The other pediatric study, NT-proBNP levels in obese children were not different from healthy controls [41]. Similar to the studies in adults, statistically significant correlations were detected between the mitral annular MPI values and serum NT- proBNP levels in obese adolescent compared with nonobese control [42].
In adult studies, statistically significant positive correlations have been reported between the serum NT- proBNP and blood pressure and/or LV hypertrophy [9]. In children, NT-proBNP concentrations were found to be lower in the obese than the normal BMI group but higher in the obese hypertensive than the obese normotensive group [43]. In another pediatric study, NT-proBNP levels in hypertensive obese children were not different from non-hypertensive [23]. In this study, the average serum N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels, average LVMI and carotid IMT were found to be significantly higher in the hypertensive obese adolescent than the non-hypertensive obese group.
CONCLUSION
SUMMARY POINTS
- Childhood obesity is accompanied with an increased cardiovascular disease risk profile in adulthood
- N-Terminal-pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) is useful for the diagnosis of heart failure, and their high levels in serum and plasma, respectively, are related to wall stress, which is often increased in severely obesity.
- In this study, serum NT-proBNP levels were found to be significantly higher in obese children than in the control group.
- In this study; we determined statistically significant correlations between the serum NT-proBNP and BMI, blood pressure, LV mass index, carotid IMT and EATT in severely obese adolescents compared with non-obese control adolescents.
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Citation: Mehmet B, Ozgur P, Bumin D, Bedir A, Nezaket E (2015) Interrelations between Serum N-Terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (Nt-Probnp) Levels and Early Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Echocardiographic Parameters in Obese Adolescents. J Neonatol Clin Pediatr 2: 005.
Copyright: © 2015 Mehmet Boyraz, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
