Methodology for the Development of Evidence-based Herbal Tonics for Preventive Purposes

Although herbal medicine has been used for a variety of pathological conditions, its non-specific nature probably makes it more suitable for preventive purposes. Herbal medicine commands strong historical records of efficacy which, however, are obviously deficient judging from the requirements of modern clinical sciences [1,2]. A methodology is herein proposed for the evidence-based development and utilization of old herbal formulae.

Disease prevention is particularly important for the elderlies. The Cardiovascular area is probably most suitable for an illustrative discussion. Pathologies related to the cardiovascular system remain the major causes of death in recent decades [3,4]. Active interventions to maintain the integrity of arteries have done great contributions while therapeutic agents to promote effective circulation have also deferred vascular accidents [5]. Yet in spite of the great promises, failure to totally revert progressive vascular occlusions has led to a never ending search for novel agents that could offer additional benefits to cardiovascular health [6,7].

Many herbal items described in Chinese Medicinal classics possess impressive records: either in the context of acute treatment, eg: angina relief, or in the maintenance of circulatory well-being. Given the trust that historical records do offer useful and possibly reliable information, in the present era of evidence-based medicine, one still needs to further prove the experience-based assumptions. A practical methodology has been developing in the Research Institute of Chinese Medicine in Hong Kong to testify the validity of innovative herbal medicine formulae, targeting against specific clinical problems. Such difficult areas that yet lack perfect treatment include viral infections and cancers, as well as common concerns of the elderly like cardiovascular health and dementia [8,9]. In this report, I shall be using the example of a cardiovascular tonic developed for the maintenance of cardiovascular health. In fact many other areas of common health concern that might need additional maintenance and preventive supplements apart from standard quality interventions exist and deserve equal attentions.

Allopathic medicine starts with the identification of a clinical problem, followed by studies on its pathological background, then finding the solution, which targets against the basic pathological cause. When little was known about pathological processes, ancient practitioners mode good uses of herbs to remove symptoms suffered by their patients. Their practice had been well documented in traditional records. Today, we just need to carefully study the old documents in order to identify the suitable herbs to be used today. Committing on a clinical problem according to modern diagnostic criteria, then trying to alleviate the problem with Chinese Medicinal herbs, could be a practical integrated approach. The use of Chinese herbs has no intension to replace allopathic treatment. Instead the aim is to supplement the well-accepted modern treatment in practice, so that better outcome would result.

The Integrated Methodology consists of the following components [10]:

• The Clinical target
• An innovative solution using Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Procedures required to give evidence of efficacy
• Interpretation of results
• Recommendations

In the case of cardiovascular health, maintenance of the general circulatory integrity is chosen as the clinical target. This is a straightforward modest demand. There is no consideration of active intervention for acute circulatory hazards. Instead, therapeutic efforts are expect to focus on a long-term sustained vascular flow throughout the whole body. While intra-arterial stenting intervention has become a routine practice to counteract acute occlusions and is getting popular even for chronic obstructions, Chinese herbal medicine could take the modest role of maintaining an adequate circulatory flow [11-13].

The available means in modern hospital practice to maintain blood circulation include mechanical dilatation (i.e., Stenting), prevention of lipid deposits and haemodilution to thin down the blood viscosity hence maintain an adequate flow. It has been known that the biological mechanisms behind the circulatory hazards and inefficient flow are multiple. The clinical role required of the selected Chinese herbal medicine in the plan of overcoming the aging pathological changes in the vascular tree would need to take multiple directions involving the luminal integrity, smooth muscle relaxation and circulatory flow [14-16].

Cardiovascular symptoms have been presented in the classical volumes of Chinese Medicine as “blood stagnation” syndromes, ranging from precordial chest pain, shortness of breath, to peripheral limb claudications. Many multiple herbal formulae have been described as being effective under acute or chronic situations. Popular herbal items included in the formulations have caught the attention of bio-scientists in the recent decades and have been put on laboratory platforms to explore for their specific biological effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and other vascular protective activities. Hence, thorough studies on the classics together with careful scrutinizes of current bioscience and pharmacology literature, which are providing modern laboratory report on the bioactivities of a lot of commonly used herbs, would allow the research team to identify a suitable herbal formula to be studied in an evidence-based direction. Many classical formulae contain a large number of herbs, making quality control and biological tests difficult. The ideal herbal formula would be one that contains a limited number of herbs with partially known pharmacological activities [17,18].

In this search for a cardiovascular tonic, a simple formula with only two herbs and reasonable clinical records of efficacy was selected. The twin formula has the merit of very favorable clinical reports and the simplest requirements for a herbal formula authentication [19].

There must be two practical ways to select the herbal formula that will satisfy the need. One way is to follow the advice of traditional practitioners who emphasize on the syndrome presentation of the patient. Another way is to choose according to popular clinical reports and information already available for the choice of herbs. We are in favor of the latter principle which is more practical. We could have chosen other herbal formulae with more than two herbs. Nevertheless our chosen two herbs, viz., Danshen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae) and Gegen (Radix Puerariae), have already attracted many bioscientists’ interests and many reports suggesting their cardiovascular protective effects are already available.

Procedures include Quality Control of the herbs; their Basic pharmacological effects; and Clinical verifications i.e., clinical trials.

Quality control

The two herbs formula consists of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhizae Radix) and Gegen (Puerariaelobata Radix) which were bought from reputable suppliers as described. Authentication consisted of morphological and histological examinations, and thin layer chromatography completed the voucher specimen record takings.

Standard aqueous extraction gave the standard Salvia and Puerariae (D&G) powder mixture which systematically went through the procedures of chemical analysis in the establishment of the chemical finger print.

Although the procedures described for the standardization and quality assurance of D&G are far inferior to those required of pharmaceuticals, in view of the complicated components of the herbs and that their combined use is not as a therapeutic agent of a pathological target, but instead, as a tonic to maintain the stability of cardiovascular health, what we are doing could be considered safe and qualified [27-29]. The fact is many health supplements and tonics claiming specific pharmacological merits do not have a system of practice procedures for the maintenance of a quality supply of ingredients used in their preparations. A system of standard procedures like ours could be the answer.

Pharmacological testsAnti-inflammation and anti-oxidation:D&G inhibited LPS via induced nitric oxide production [30] and inflammatory cytokines, iNOS COX₂ and NF_KB protein expressions [31] and foam cell formation [32].
Vascular protection, smooth muscle relaxation:D&G was found to dilate ex-vivo aortic rings of rat [30]; helped to repair balloon-injured arterial intima [17]; supported viability of myocardium [33]; lowered blood pressure in hypertensive rats [34] and maintained better survival of brain tissues under the adverse effects of middle-cerebral artery occlusion [35,36].
Cardiac functions, myocardial viability:D&G modulated neurotransmitter effects on the heart and heart rate [24].
Functional genomics to demonstrate the mechanistic pathways:5 categories of genes were found involved in the various pharmacological activities of D&G viz., cardio-vascular, apoptosis, cell proliferation, cytokine production and anti-inflammatory [37].
Herb-drug interaction with anticoagulant (mainly warfarin):D&G was found to induce additional effects with anticoagulants [38,39].
Clinical trialsThe clinical trials to be conducted for this cardiovascular tonic were aiming at the maintenance of flow integrity of the arteries at large. The well-accepted surrogate markers were the intimal thickness of the common carotid artery and the extensibility of the brachial artery as would be revealed from high resolution ultrasonic studies [40-42]. Target groups with different clinical backgrounds were selected, varying from risky patients with proven coronary occlusions, to vulnerable patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, to perimenopausal women with border-line hypercholesterolemia. Thus the indications for the use of the cardiovascular tonic ranged from quasi-treatment considerations to preventive needs.
Trial 1.Patients with coronary arterial occlusions:Two hundred patients were randomized into two equal groups of treatment and control. D&G was taken by the treatment group for 24 weeks. Carotid Intima Thickness (IMT) and Brachial Flow-Medicated Dilation (FMD) were measured using ultrasonic technology. Results showed significant improvements in D&G group (p<0.05). D&G was well tolerated; no significant adverse effects were encountered [18,29].
Trial 2.Patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus:Ninety patients were given D&G in high or low doses and were compared with no treatment controls. The same surrogate markers were measured after 12 months of treatment and both IMT and FMD were found to have improved compared with the placebo group, with either the low dose or high dose administration [25].
Trial 3.Patients with border-line hypercholesterolemia:One hundred and sixty five post-menopausal women with early hypercholesterolemia were randomized to take D&G or placebo daily for 12 months. The same surrogate markers and blood lipid profiles were taken. The herbal formula D&G improved the carotid intimal thickness, lowered low density lipid and total cholesterol [43].

Ten years had been spent on the study of the D&G herbal formula, as a preventive cardiovascular tonic. We believed that we have collected sufficient evidences in the laboratory to prove that D&G was maintaining vascular integrity, mainly through the control of intimal cholesterol deposits as well as providing smooth muscle relaxation.

The pharmacological effects of D&G were further proved through clinical trials on patients with different backgrounds and needs. When patients suffering from coronary occlusions were benefiting from D&G, the indications may extend to post-stenting patients in the prevention against restenosis. Hypertension and diabetics were at risk patients threatened with progressive vascular deteriorations, notably in the cerebral or cardiac regions. D&G may be a good choice to provide reasonable prevention. As D&G was found to lower LDL and total cholesterol, it should be an alternative to statins when hypercholesterolemia is developing or getting out of control.

So far D&G has laboratory indications of positive, multi-directional effects on cardio-vascular protection, and clinical proofs of intimal thickness control and vascular relaxation. Whether the circulatory support would also be provided in other common vascular conditions, eg: peripheral vascular diseases or multiple cerebral vascular occlusions would need further investigations [44]. Through-out the clinical trials involving various clinical groups, no adverse effects resembling those of statins viz., muscle weaknesses, were encountered. So far the evidences collected were related to large arteries and blood lipids, whether D&G would also be suitable for peripheral and small arteries will need to be further studied.

This safe preparation has been developed from very popular edible medicinal herbs commonly used, even in cooking. The formula has been advocated by respectable Chinese medicine physicians. The current preparation with a modified ratio has shown multiple mechanisms of biological activities which are beneficial to the preservation of cardiovascular integrity. Now that we have reliable means to maintain the quality of the two herbs through standard preparation procedures and careful control of their chemical and biological profiles, we could confidently recommend that D&G is a safe and effective choice for cardiovascular protection. Its subsequent production could follow the direction of any proprietary medicine for proper hospital and specialist uses, or as a specific health supplement, targeting towards cardiovascular health [45].

Apparently safety is not an issue, since the two herbs are frequently used in household cooking and clinical trials completed did not report serious adverse events. However, patients put on D&G might well be maintained on other cardiac medications, including anti-coagulants. Hence, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies need to be more thoroughly explored before its wide applications [27].

The methodology developed is unique for the development of evidence-based health supplements with specific aims. The concept follows closely that of new drug development adopted by the pharmaceutical production. However since the target is one of maintenance and prevention, the design of the methodology will not be as strict and stringent. Nevertheless, conventional supplement provider on the contrary, might find the methodology over-demanding. In this era of evidence-based demand, there might be no other way to give assurance to the general consumers [45].

The story of D&G serves as a comprehensive illustration on the methodology of developing an effective specific health supplement from an old herbal formula along the evidence-based pathway. The methodology has allowed the old classical herbal formula is converted into a trustworthy supplement or proprietary drug, targeting specifically on the maintenance of cardio-vascular integrity. Other herbal combinations with special indications recorded in classical literatures could be identified and put on similar systematic research platforms to be developed as multi-target botanical items for specific health maintenance purposes [8]. We have indeed completed explorations on specific supplements for osteoporosis, allergic skin conditions and wound healing just to mention a few areas [46-48].