Journal of Hematology Blood Transfusion & Disorders Category: Clinical Type: Research Article
Risk Behavior among Ineligible Blood Donors in a Blood Transfusion Center (Burkina Faso)
- Eléonore Kafando1*, Yacouba Nébié2, Salam Sawadogo2, Kisito Kienou2, Honorine Dahourou3, Jacques Simporé4
- 1 Department Of Hematology, Université Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso
- 2 Laboratory Of Assurance Quality, National Blood Transfusion Center 01 BP 5372, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- 3 Laboratory Of Assurance Quality, National Blood Transfusion Center 01 BP 5372, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- 4 Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Center, Université Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso
*Corresponding Author:
Eléonore KafandoDepartment Of Hematology, Université Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso
Tel:226-70-26-53-13,
Email:ekafando@hotmail.com
Received Date: Dec 13, 2016 Accepted Date: Jan 30, 2017 Published Date: Feb 03, 2017
Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses among two blood donor populations.
MethodsA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over a six-month period. It involved blood donors recruited at fixed and mobile collection sites. Donors were classified into two groups: eligible and ineligible blood donors. Ineligible donors were excluded at the end of the medical interview for reasons of risky behavior. In both groups, the serological markers of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and hepatitis B and C viruses were searched.
ResultsOut of a total of 10,814 blood-donation candidates, 11% (1,191/10,814) were ineligible after the pre-donation medical interview and the risk behaviors represented 4.5% (484/10,814). The median age was 26 years. Donors from mobile sites accounted for 72.8% versus 27.2% for those from the fixed site. Depending on the collection site, there were no significant differences in the serological markers of HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses between eligible and ineligible donors.
FindingsSerological results between fixed and mobile sites are similar. Strengthening selection in mobile sites seems more relevant. While retention of old donors is required, continued counseling among faithful and HIV-negative donors for targeted infections is also recommended.
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
In Burkina Faso, blood transfusion is a therapeutic act of common practice that still carries many risks, particularly the risks of infection. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other blood-borne diseases in the general population poses a major threat to blood safety [1,2]. The safest blood donors are voluntary, regular and unpaid donors. To increase the donor population, it is necessary to recruit young people, to minimize the temporary or permanent rejection of donors without risk and to qualify the non-eligibility of donors over time. Public information about the biological qualification of blood donations is also important for recruitment.
The first step in the transfusion safety process is the recruitment and selection of donors. Indeed, transfusion risk can be greatly reduced if donors are regular, voluntary and unpaid. They must be from a population with a low risk of transmitting an infection through the blood transfusion process [3].
In Africa, in order to keep valuable human and material resources, it is important to use a simple approach, such as the questionnaire, to select the most suitable donors. This questionnaire shall take into account both universal criteria for transfusion safety and epidemiological criteria and local sensitivities. In Burkina Faso, the pre-donation medical interview is a mandatory step in transfusion best practice. This study analyzed the risk behavior among ineligible blood donors from mobile and fixed collection sites after the medical interview and compared the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This is a descriptive cross-sectional survey at the regional blood transfusion Center in Ouagadougou (CRTS/O). The study compared the carriage proportions of infection with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C viruses in two groups of blood donors.
Blood donors
The selection questionnaire, written in French, is based on the French transfusion best practices [4]. However, local and sub-regional epidemiology of infectious diseases has been taken into account in the development of the questionnaire used in Burkina Faso. Included in the medical history are recent malaria and sickle cell disease. Scarifications have been considered as risk factors for diseases transmissible by blood transfusion [5].
During the various collection phases, the pre-donation medical interview was carried out by a medical or paramedical staff (pharmacists, biologists or general practitioners, nurses) and involved new and old donors. Any subject who presented themselves for the first time in pre-donation interview has been defined as a new candidate. Old candidates were subjects who were at least at their second accepted candidacy for blood donation.
The questionnaire was completed either by the donor himself/herself (alone and before the interview) or, if illiterate, by the health worker during an interview with the candidate. The pre-donation interview consisted of an interview guided by the grid of the pre-donation screening questionnaire, an explanation of the objectives of the medical interview, the course of the donation and the corresponding biological qualification.
For ineligible donors, participation in the study was voluntary and based on a verbal informed consent. Once consent was obtained, donors were screened for serological markers of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Hepatitis B and C Viruses (HBV and HCV).
Serological analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
- Characteristics of the population Out of a total of 10,814 blood donors, 95.5% (10,330/10,814) were declared eligible and 4.5% (484/10,814) were ineligible following the interview. The median age was 26 ± 8 years. The sex ratio was 3.2.
- Distribution of risk behaviors among ineligible donors is shows in table 1. More than one sexual partner was the common risk behaviors (57%; 277/484)
- Positivity of viral contact serological markers
Grounds for Exclusion | Numbers | Percentage (%) |
>1 Sexual partner | 277 | 57 |
Recent sexual partner | 152 | 31 |
Tattoos/scarifications/piercing | 36 | 8 |
Addiction | 19 | 4 |
Total | 484 | 100 |
Eligible DonorsN=9623 (%) | Donors Excluded for Risk BehaviorN=484 (%) | P | |||
AC/Ag anti-HIV | 160 | 1.7 | 7 | 1.5 | NS |
HBs antigen | 964 | 10.0 | 53 | 11.0 | NS |
Anti-HCV Ac. | 488 | 5.0 | 19 | 4.9 | NS |
Table 2: Seroprevalence of serological markers in eligible and ineligible donors.
Selected significance threshold: 0.05; NS: No significant
Positive Serological Markers | Blood Collection Site | Type of Blood Donor | ||||
FixedN=98 | MobileN=386 | p | OldN=180 | NewN=304 | P | |
AC/Ag anti-HIVN=7 | 1 | 6 | NS | 1 | 6 | NS |
HBs AntigenN=53 | 8 | 45 | NS | 23 | 30 | NS |
Anti HCV Ac.N=19 | 9 | 10 | 0.006 | 9 | 10 | NS |
Table 3: Seroprevalence of serologic markers in ineligible donors depending on the blood collection site and the type of donors.
Selected significance threshold: 0.05; NS: No Significant
DISCUSSION
Population characteristics
Blood donation in Burkina Faso
As in the EU, in Burkina Faso, the most effective donor recruitment methods are published announcements, recruitment in large companies, recruitment targeting youth groups, and radio and television broadcasts nationally. However, in Europe, donors with a specific blood group are taken into account.
Assessing the eligibility for donation is an important step in blood donation. The medical screening process for donors making a first donation differs from the medical screening process for regular donors in Europe.
In Burkina Faso, the selection criteria are identical on all sites and for all, whether the potential donor is a regular or occasional volunteer.
The assessment of the existence of risk behaviors and pathologies, biometric measurements and blood sampling for biological qualification tests are standard in all countries. This process of selecting donors may lead to the ineligibility of some of them. The total proportion of exclusion in European blood transfusion establishments ranged from 6 to 28% [7]. It was about 11% in our study population.
Several studies [8-11] have shown that certain behaviors are at increased risk of contamination by severe infectious diseases transmissible by blood. In Africa, seropositivity to hepatitis B and C viruses is very high in blood donors [12-14]. Various tests with different sensitivities and specificities are used in the context of the biological qualification of donation in our context. However, none of them is effective in detecting donors undergoing seroconversion as is the case in developed countries. Indeed, in these countries, the mandatory introduction of viral genome detection techniques at transfusion centers has led to a very significant reduction in the window period.
Because there was no significant difference in the prevalence of serological markers among eligible and non eligible donors a revision of these criteria is advisable. The high cost of serological testing suggests that the focus should be on pre-donation interview in African countries.
Mode of education of the population
CONCLUSION
Since the prevalence of infection in both eligible and ineligible donors are almost same with no significant differences, is it required to introduce an extensive questionnaire for the donors and label them unfit in the first screen. Initiating or maintaining counseling on the targeted infections even for the old donors is equally recommended.
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Citation: Kafando E, Nébié Y, Sawadogo S, Kienou K, Dahourou H, Simporé J et al. (2017) Risk Behavior among Ineligible Blood Donors in a Blood Transfusion Center (Burkina Faso). J Hematol Blood Transfus Disord 4: 014.
Copyright: © 2017 Eléonore Kafando, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
