Journal of Food Science & Nutrition Category: Agriculture Type: Review Article

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally Used Herbal Plants and Their Potential Applications in Nutraceutical Formulations

Diksha Sharma¹, Radhna Gupta¹ and Farhan Mohiuddin Bhat^1*: ¹ Department of food science nutrition and technology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India

^*Corresponding Author(s):

Farhan Mohiuddin Bhat
Department Of Food Science Nutrition And Technology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
Tel:+91 6005570446,
Email:farhanbhat999@gmail.com

Received Date: Oct 23, 2023

Accepted Date: Dec 29, 2023

Published Date: Dec 30, 2023

DOI:10.24966/FSN-1076/100171

Abstract

Herbal plants are being used for therapeutic purposes to cure diverse forms of diseases since centuries ago. Many medicinal therapists across the world utilize these herbs for the treatment of diseases, such as ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. The use of herbal based medicines considered as safe with no side effects have increased at an alarming pace as compared to synthetic drugs globally. Medicinal herbs have been validated to eradicate the core of diseased ailments irrespective of age group and are having lesser chances of developing adverse effects due to chemical interactions and microbial resistance as induced by most of the synthetic drugs. Considering the multiple biological activities, which are beneficial for healthy functioning of human body including prevention of cancers, inflammations, infections, antiseptics, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, antioxidants and innumerable healing characteristics. In this study, we assessed the potential benefits and bioactive compounds present in diverse ranges of medicinal herbs, so that it could provide a valid source for practitioners and those interested in formulation of health promoting supplements and nutraceuticals. The chemical composition of medicinal herbs not only enables a researcher to enhance health by curing a specific disease but also to preserve a formulated food product with natural based remedies. Products developed from herbal combinations have been found to reduce toxicity in human body along with improving efficacy.

Keywords

Bioactive composition; Medicinal herbs; Pharmalogical properties

Introduction

As man began to explore and expand his knowledge of plants, he discovered the healing properties of plants. He also discovered how they could be utilized to treat a variety of ailments. That has led to the development of herbal and unani medicines, which has been used to treat a variety of illnesses from thousands of years. Using the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda and the advancement of modern medical science, these novel plant-derived drugs have the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry [1]. Folk or traditional medicine consists of medical aspects developed over generations within a variety of societies before modern medicine took hold [2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medicine is defined as a set of knowledge, skills, and practices that are derived from the theories, beliefs, and experiences of various cultures, regardless of whether they can be explained. They are used to maintain health as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical or mental illnesses. WHO has explored about 20,000 medicinal plants all over the world to utilise these for pharmological screening and theraupatic purposes. As per the reports of WHO, 80% population in less developing and some developing countries, still rely on the medicinal herbs for treatments of ailments due to adverse economic conditions and lack of synthetic medicines. In Chile, 71% of the population consumes herbal medicine, while in Colombia, the number is 40%. In India, 65% of those living in rural areas use Ayurveda and medicinal plants for primary health care needs [3]. Mahatma Gandhi once wrote: “Homeopathy cures a larger percentage of cases than any other form of treatment and is beyond doubt safer and more economical” (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Medicinal properties of some commonly used Himalayan herbs.

Herbal medicines are generally considered to be safe, effective and are having negligible side effects than synthetic drugs, and are particularly beneficial for treatment of chronic conditions. Additionally, plants often contain a variety of compounds that work together to produce therapeutic effects. This can provide a more holistic approach to healing, rather than just targeting a single cause. The use of medicinal plants dates back at least 5,000 years to the Sumerians, but the practice of herbal medicine is thought to date back as far as 60,000 years ago. Phytochemicals have been found to reduce inflammation, improve metabolic processes, and inhibit the growth of cancer cells. They are also known to protect the body from free radical damage, which is associated with aging and chronic disease. Additionally, they can boost the immune system, reduce cholesterol, and improve overall health. The plethora of benefits from phytochemicals is similar to a multivitamin, providing the body with a variety of nutrients and health benefits essential for maintaining health and vitality. This shows the significant role that these plants play in traditional medicine in industrialized and developing nations. The global market for traditional medicine is expected to continue growing. This paper will discuss several major herbs, including Kadipatta (Murrayakoenigii), Bhavadi (Ocimumbasilicum), Bana (Vitex negundo) and Mulathi (Glycyrrhiza glabra). As you may know, these herbs have been used in herbal medicine for ages for their medicinal uses and are known to have numerous health benefits, including reducing inflammation, boosting immunity, lowering blood sugar levels, and aiding digestion. Additionally, these herbs are also believed to help protect against certain types of cancer, support liver health, and act as natural detoxifiers. But don't forget the one benefit that everyone knows and loves - they make excellent seasoning for your cooking.

Description

Murrayakoenigii (M. koenigii) (L) Spreng (Family: Rutaceae) referred to as “curry leaves”. In tropical and subtropical regions around the world, M.koenigii is widely distributed. Murraya has 14 species worldwide, but only two, M. koenigii and M. paniculate, are available in India. Murraya species has a wide range of medicinal properties that make it more important than other species [4]. In Indian Ayurvedic medicine, this plant has been used in a variety of ways for centuries, and is referred to as “krishnanimba”. Different parts of M. koenigiiare shown to promote a wide range of biological activities, including its leaves, roots, bark, and fruit [5]. Despite drying, M. koenigii leaves retain their aromatic bioactive constituents. M. koenigii leaves have a flavor that is faintly bitter, a pungent odor, and a weak acidity. It is used in Indian cuisine as an antihelminthic, analgesic, digestion aid, and appetizer [6]. The green leaves of M. koeigii have anti-inflammatory, itching, and anti-bruise properties, and can be used for piles, inflammation, itching, and fresh cuts. A certain amount of purgative properties can be found in the roots [7]. A common body ache can be alleviated by using them because they are stimulating. It has been found that the bark of this tree is beneficial for treating snakebites. The essential oil derived from M. koenigii leaves exhibits antioxidative, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and nephroprotective effects in animals [8]. It has been hypothesized that the medicinal properties of different carbazole alkaloids are due to several chemical constituents, including terpenoids, flavonoids, and dihydropyridines, carbohydrates, carotenoids, vitamins, and nicotinic acid were obtained through multiple parts of the M. koenigii plant [9,10].

There are many types of plants within the plant family Lamiaceae called Ocimum, most of them aromatic herbs and shrubs, such as, Ocimumbasilicum (sweet basil), O. tenuiflorum (Tulsi/holy basil), O. gratissimum (African basil), O. campechianum (Amazonian basil), etc. A number of therapeutic applications, pharmacological applications, and biomedical properties of O. basilicum have been reported. Several hundred years have passed since it was used as a medicinal plant, which is cost-effective and easy to obtain. Plants of this species are found throughout the globe, including in tropical, subtropical and temperate climate zones. They grow in India, Pakistan, Nepal (in the Himalayan tract), Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and other locations [11]. Since this herb is widely distributed throughout the world, it can be easily found and used in everyday life for its many benefits. Ayurvedic and Unani medicine treat the disease by using it as part of their treatment of various afflictions, both physiological and lifestyle-related. The "God of Spices" (Ocimumbasilicum) is regarded as a valuable spice in mythology, particularly for its culinary use. A number of health supplements contain basil, including those that promote and maintain health. In addition to its ornamental properties, this herb is also useful for therapeutic purposes, as a result of its wide range of pharmacological activities [12].

A plant with enormous medicinal properties, Vitex Negundo (VN) is often called "chaste tree". Different Vites species produce different phytochemicals due to their varying chemical compositions. In addition to volatile oils, flavonoids, lignans, iridoids, terpenes, and steroids, a number of bioactive compounds have been extracted from leaves, seeds, and roots [13]. There are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties of these bioactive compounds.

In most cases, VN modulates processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, motility of sperms, polycystic ovary disease, and menstruation. It has been reported that VN perturbs many cancer-signaling pathways involving p38, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK in cells stimulated by LPS, as well as N-Terminal Kinase (JNK), COX-1 pathways, MAPK, tumornecrosis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor [14].

A perennial herb native to Eurasia, northern Africa, and western Asia, Glycyrrhiza glabra L is in the Fabaceae family. The herb is also known as licorice, sweet wood, or mulaithi. More than 30 species are found in the Glycyrrhiza genus globally. The Latin word glaber, meaning bare or slick, is derived from the Greek words glykys, which means sweet, and rhiza, meaning root. Glabra refers to the smooth husks and is derived from the Latin word glaber. A licorice plant grows in fertile, clay, or sandy soil near a river or stream where water is readily available [15]. The medicinal benefits of licorice can be obtained from its roots and roots, which have been reported to be effective in treating digestive system disorders, respiratory tract disorders (e.g., cough and colic). As well as being used in food and beverage flavoring, it can be added to tobacco products to enhance their flavor [16].

Silybum Marianum (SM) is a famous medicinal plant in the family Leucanthemum that is classified as a tree. It belongs to the genus Silybum, and its leaves are characterized by white veins. Due to its hepatoprotective properties, its seeds and fruits have been used as a natural remedy for more than 2000 years. It disperses stagnated liver qi and promotes bile flow in traditional Chinese medicine. Silymarin, a chemical compound found in the seeds of SM, has a variety of pharmacological effects, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects [17].

Chemical Constituents And Pharmacological Effects

Murrayakoenigii (L.) Spreng. contains substantial amounts of proximate composition, including moisture at 63.2%, protein at 8.8%, carbohydrates at 39.4%, nitrogen at 1.15%, fat at 6.15%, sugars at 18.92%, starch at 14.6%, and crude fiber at 6.8%. Many vitamins can be found in the leaves, including vitamin A (B-carotene), which is found in 6.04mg/100grams, vitamin B3, (niacin), which is found in 2.73 mg/100 grams, vitamin B1 (thiamin), which contains 0.89 mg/100g of 0.89 mg with a level of calcium is found in 19.73 milligrams per 100 g, magnesium in 49.06 milligrams per 100g, and sodium in 16.50 milligrams per 100g. The alcohol-soluble extract has a value of 1.82%, ash has a value of 13.06% acid-insoluble ash has a value of 1.35%, cold water (20°C) extractive has a value of 27.33%, and maximum of hot-water-soluble extractive has a value of 33.45% [18] (Table 1).

Taxonomy	*Murrayakoenigii*	*Ocimumbasilicum*	*Vitex negundo*	*Glycyrrhiza glabra*	*Silybum marianum*
Kingdom	Plantae	Plantae	Plantae	Plantae	Plantae
Subkingdom	Tracheobionta	Tracheobionta	Tracheobionta	Tracheobionta	Tracheobionta
Super Division	Spermatophyta	Spermatophyta	Spermatophyte	Spermatophyte	Spermatophyte
Division	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliophyta	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida	Magnoliopsida	Magnoliopsida	Magnoliopsida	Magnoliopsida
Subclass	Rosidae	Asteridae	Asteridae	Rosidae	Asteridae
Family	Rutaceae	Lamiaceae	Verbenaceae	Fabaceae	Asteraceae
Genus	Murraya J. Koenig ex L.	Ocimum	Vitex Linn.	Glycyrrhiza	Silybum
Species	Murrayakoenigii (L.) Spreng.	Ocimumbasilicum Linn.	Vitex negundo Linn.	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Silybum marianum

Table 1: Taxonomy classification of herbs.

Ocimumbasilicum Linn. herb is extremely nutritious - apart from fats, proteins, vitamins, such as C, E, K, A, 3-carotene, vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6, B9, and choline, it contains many secondary metabolites, including essential oils, phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, and steroids, along with minerals such as Fe, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Na, K, and Zn. It was found that the plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponin, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and glycosides according to a preliminary phytochemical analysis. The nutritive elements content/ 100g fresh weight were carbohydrate: 28.84, fat: 0.64g, protein: 3.15g, water: 92.06g, vitamins (vitamin A: 264μg, β-carotene: 3142μg, thiamin: 34μg, riboflavin: 76μg, niacin: 902μg, panthotenic acid: 209μg, vitamin B6: 155μg, vitamin B9: 68μg, choline 11.4mg, vitamin C 18.0 mg, vitamin E: 0.80mg and vitamin K: 414.8μg), and minerals (Ca: 177mg, Fe: 3.17mg, Mg: 64mg, Mn: 1.148 mg, P: 56mg, K: 295mg, Na: 4mg and Zn: 0.81mg) [19-21].

The most common flavonoid glycosides from an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Vitex negundo are 5-hydroxy-3, 6, 7-trimethoxy-2-(3, 4-dimtoxypheny)-4H-chrome-4-on and 5, 7-dihydroxy-2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen4-one. Negundoside, Agnuside, and Vitegnoside are also present in the methanolic extract. Phytosterol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid have been isolated from the bark of Vitex negundo Linn., and identified from methanol and hexane extracts. In the acetoacetate fraction of the seeds , two phenylnaphtha-lene-typelignans have been- obtained and identified as 6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3- methoxy-phenyl)-3-hydroxy-methyl-7-methoxy-3, 4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde and vitedoamine A. Leprosy, dyspepsia, colic, rheumatism, worms, boils, and rheumatism are all treated with it. The roots contain a furanoeremophilane. Methanol extracts of Vitex negundo Linn roots contain lignins that inhibit tyrosinase [22,23].

Physicochemical analysis of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots revealed that extractive values were (petroleum ether 4.67±0.23%, chloroform 10.56±1.53%, n-butanol, 6.54±0.84% and methanol 13.89±2.42%); ash values were ( total ash 4.67 ± 0.35%, acid insoluble ash 0.56 ± 0.34% and water soluble ash 6.54±0.22%); loss on drying 5.87±0.65%, moisture contents 0.56±0.054%, pH of the extract (1% solution) 5.04±0.65, pH of the extract (10% solution) 6.26±0.54 [24].

Among the main compounds of Silybum marianum, flavonoids and fatty oils make up two major groups. Flavonolignans, including silybin, isosilybin, and silychristin, are the main active ingredients of SM. Silybin should constitute 0.6% of standardized SM herbs, according to the Chinese Pharmacopeia. Taxifolin, dihydrokaempferol, and quercetin are also flavonoid compounds in SM. There are a lot of unsaturated fatty acids in SM's fatty oil, including oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid [25]. SM seeds are commonly extracted with silymarin, a standardized extract. It is composed of 40-65% silybin, 20-45% silychristin, and 10-20% isosilybin, constituting 70-80% of the plant's hydro-alcoholic extract. Silymarin accounts for 70-80% of the plant's hydro-alcoholic extract. SM dry extracts with a nominal silymarin content of 30 to 65% are listed in the European Pharmacopoeia. According to the European Pharmacopoeia and the United States National Formulary, mature fruits of SM yield no less than 1.5-2% silymarin [26].

Table 2 & 3 summaries the major chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of different herbs.

S.No	Compound	Supplied Synonyms		Formula		Molecular Weight(g/mol)	PubChem CID
*Murrayakoenigii* (L.) Spreng.
1.	Mahanine		1. (R)-3,5-Dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-3,11-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-9-ol 2. (3R)-3,5-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-9-ol	C23H25NO2		347.4	36689305
2.	Mahanimbine		1. 3,5-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole 2. 3,5-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-3,11-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]carbazole	C23H25NO		331.4	167963
3.	Isomahanine		3,8-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-9-ol	C23H25NO2		347.4	375148
4.	Koenimbine		8-Methoxy-3,3,5-trimethyl-3,11-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]carbazole	C19H19NO2		293.4	97487
5.	Girinimbine		3,3,5-trimethyl-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole	C18H17NO		263.3	96943
6.	Isolongifolene		(2S)-1,3,4,5,6,7-Hexahydro-1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-2H-2,4a-methanonaphthalene	C15H24		204.35	11127402
7.	Pyrayafoline D		3,8-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-9-ol	C23H25NO2		347.4	375148
8.	Murrayafoline
9.	Murrayazoline		(14R,17S,19S)-3,13,13,17-tetramethyl-21-oxa-12-azahexacyclo[10.7.1.12,17.05,20.06,11.014,19]henicosa-1,3,5(20),6,8,10-hexaene	C23H25NO		331.4	21770913
10.	Koenoline		1-me-thoxy-3-hydroxymethylcarbazole	C14H13NO2		227.26	375152
11.	9-formyl-3-methyl carbazole
12.	O-Methylmurrayamine		9-Methoxy-3,3,5-trimethyl-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole	C19H19NO2		293.4	14892681
13.	Koenine		3,11-Dihydro-3,3,5-trimethylpyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-8-ol	C18H17NO2		279.3	5318827
*Ocimumbasilicum* Linn.
1.		Linalool	Linalol Phantol 3,7-dlmethyl-1 ,6-octadien-3-ol		C10H18O	154.25		6549
2.		Linalyl acetate	Linalool acetate BergamiolPhanteine		C12HO2	196.29		8294
3.		Estragole	4-allylanisole p-allylanisole methyl chavicol		C10H12O	148.2		8815
4.		Geraniol	Geranyl alcohol trans-Geraniol		C10H18O	15425		637566
5.		1,8-cineole	Eucalyptol, Cineole, Cajeputol, Zineol, 1 ,8-Epoxy-p-menthane		C10H18O	154249		2758
6.		Neryl acetate	Neryl ethanoate		C12H20O2	196.29		1549025
7.		Bergamotene	trans-α-becgamotene		C15H24	204.35		6429302
8.		Eugenol	Engenol Eugenic acid		C10H12O2	164.2		3314
9.		Methyl eugenol	Methyl eugenol ether		C11H14O2	178.23		7127
10.		Nerol	cis-Geraniol Neryl alcohol		C10H18O	15425		643820
11.		a-Cadinol	alpha-Cadinol		C15H26O	222.37		6431302
12.		Cyclohexanemethanol	Cyclohexylcarbinol		C7H14O	114.19		7507
13.		a- Terpineol	Terpineol 1 -Menthene-8-ol		C10H18O	15425		17100
14.		Elemol	ALPHA-ELEMOL		C15H26O	222.37		92138
15.		Methyl cinnamale	Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate trans-Cinnamic acid methyl ester (E)-Methyl cinnamate		C10H10O2	162.18		637520

*Vitex negundo* Linn.
1.		Linalool	3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol	C10H18O	154.25	6549
2.		Vanillic acid	3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid	C8H8O4	168.15	8468
3.		Casticin	5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3,6,7-trimethoxychromen-4-one	C19H18O8	374.3	5315263
4.		Luteolin	2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one	C15H10O6	286.24	5280445
5.		Leucoanthocyanidin	2-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)chromane-3,4,5,7-tetraol	C15H14O8	322.27	3081374
6.		Betulinic acid	3beta-Hydroxy-20(29)-lupaene-28-oic acid	C30H48O3	456.7	64971
7.		Friedelin	(4R,4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,14aS,14bS)-4,4a,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14a-octamethyl-2,4,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-one	C30H50O	426.7	91472
8.		Squalene	2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene	C30H50	410.7	638072
9.		Epifriedelinol	4,4a,6b,8a,11,11,12b,14a-Octamethyldocosahydropicen-3-ol	C30H52O	428.7	119242
*Glycyrrhiza glabra*
1.	Glycyrrhizin	(3β,20β)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30 -norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-O-β-D-glucopyranuronosylα-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid	C42H62O16	822.9	14982
2.	Glycyrrhizic acid	(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-11-carboxy4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl14-oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-decahydro-1H-picen3-yl]oxy]-6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylicacid	C42H62O16	822.9	14982
3.	Isoliquiritigenin	(E)-1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop2-en-1-one	C15H12O4	256.25	638278
4.	Licochalcone A	(E)-3-[4-Hydroxy-2-methoxy5-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl) phenyl]-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one	C21H22O	338.4	5318998
5.	Liquiritigenin	(2S)-7-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro4H-chromen-4-one	C15H12O4	256.25	114829
6.	Prenyllicoflavone A	7-Hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)phenyl]-6-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	C25H26O4	390.5	11349817
7.	Glabridin	4-[(3R)-8,8-Dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-3-yl]-1,3-benzenediol	C20H20O4	324.4	124052
8.	Glabrene	8-(7-hydroxy-2H-chromen3-yl)-2,2-dimethylchromen5-ol	C20H18O4	322.4	480774
9.	Licocoumarin A	3-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-7-hydroxy-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)chromen-2-one	C25H26O5	406.5	5324358
10.	18-β-Glycyrrhetinic acid	(2R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aS,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,4a,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-13-oxo3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,14bdodecahydro-1H-picene2-carboxylic acid	C30H46O4		3230
11.	Liquiritin	(2S)-7-hydroxy-2-[4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	C21H22O9	418.4	503737
12.	Kanzonol R	3-[2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-5-methoxy-3,4-dihydro2H-chromen-7-ol	C22H26O5	370.4	131753027
13.	α-Terpineol	2-(4-Methylcyclohex-3-en1-yl)propan-2-ol	C10H18O
14.	Glisoflavone	3-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-7-hydroxy-5-methoxychromen-4-one	C21H20O6	368.4	5487298
15.	Shinpterocarpin	(2R,10R)-17,17-dimethyl-3,12,18-trioxapentacyclo[11.8.0.02,10.04,9.014,19]henicosa1(13),4(9),5,7,14(19),15,20-heptaen-6-ol	C20H18O4	322.4	10336244
16.	Isoangustone A	3-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)chromen-4-one	C25H26O6	422.5	21591148
17.	2,3-Butanediol	Butane-2,3-diol	C4H10O2	90.12	262
18.	1-Methoxyficifolinol	(6aR,11aR)-1-methoxy-2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-6a,11a-dihydro-6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene-3,9-diol	C26H30O5	422.5	480872
19.	Licoriphenone	1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[6-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]ethanone	C21H24O6	372.4	21591149

*Silybum marianum*
1.	2, 3-dehydrosilybin	3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]chromen-4-one	C25H20O10	480.4	5467200
2.	Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol	4-[3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-enyl]-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol	C20H22O6	358.4	5372367
3.	Silybin	(2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-((2R,3R)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)chroman-4-one	C25H22O10	482.4	31553
4.	Silymarin	3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one	C25H22O10	482.4	5213

Table 2: Phytochemical compounds identified in different herbs.

Uses	Chemical Constituent	Pharmacological Action on	References
*Murrayakoenigii* (L.) Spreng.
Anti-diabetic	Koenimbidine, murrayacine, murrayazolinine.	Decreases oxidative stress by acting on paraoxonase i activity	Patel et al. [27]
Anti-trichomonal	Ginnimbine, mahanimbilol, girinimbiol	Act against trichomonas gallinae	Adebajo et al. [28]
For oral health	Essential oil	By stimulating the salivation process	Utaipan et al. [29]
Vasodilation	Mahanimbilol, murrayazolinine.	By acting on negative chronotropic effect	Shinde et al. [30]
Anti-oxidation activity	Mahanimbine, koenigine	Increases the ash content in the liver and reduction in hepatic malondialdehyde in kidney	Gajaria et al. [10]
Anti-cancer activity	Mahanimbine, girinimbine, mahanine. Murrayafoline	Increase the death of cancerous cell proteasome inhibitor	Samantha et al. [31]
Effect on bronchial disorders	Girinimbine, mahanine	By blocking 5-lipooxygenase activity	Reddy et al. [32]
Effect on dental caries	Isomahanine, murrayanol and mahanine	Inhibition of cavity formation	Prabhakar et al. [33]
Anthelmintic activity	Mahanine, koenimbidine	Cause paralysis	Afzal et al. [34]
Wound healing effect	Mahanine, mahanimbicine, mahanimbine and essential oil	Act against inflammatory cells and the collagen deposition was reduces	Bhandari et al. [8]
Protects the eyes and improves eyesight	Essential oil, vitamin a	Eye sight improvement	Chaudhary et al. [35]
Anti-ulcer activity	Mahanimbine and essential oil	Effect against lesion index, area and percentage of lesion and on ulcer	Shinde et al. [36]
Anti-microbial activity	Mahanimbine, murrayanol and mahanine,	Inhibition of topoisomerase I	Ramsewak et al. [37]
Anti-diarrheal activity	Kurryam, koenimbine, koenine	Prostaglandin E2-induccd enter pooling and reduction in gastrointestinal motility	Irinmwinuwa et al. [38]
Immunomodulatory activity	Mahanimbine, mahanince	Increase in phagocytic index by removing carbon partical from blood	Dubey et al. [39]
Antipyretic activity	Murrayacine, murrayazolinine.	Decrease in fever	Goel et al. [40]
Anti-alzheimer’s activity	Isomahanimbine, murrayazolidine.	Improves the values of protective antioxidants	Tan et al. [41]
Anti-analgesic activity	Girinimbine, mahanine, mahanimbine, isomahanimbine	Anti -nociceptive effects	Bhandari et al. [8]
Effective digestive system	Mahanine, murrayafoline	Stimulates digestive enzymes	Bhowmik et al. [42]
Anti-inflammatory activity	Ginnimbine, mahanine, mahanimbine, isornahanimbine	Cox-inhibitory property	Pandya et al. [43]
Ocimumbasilicum Linn.
Analgesic activity	Linalool and Eugenol	Inducing inhibition of cydo-oxygenase activity. Inhibition of pain mediators biosynthesis like prostaglandin, prostacyclin and oploid receptor interactions	Govindarajan et al. [44]
Anti-inflammatory activity	Estragole, methyl cinnamate, methyl eugenol, α-bergamotene, α-cadlnol, linalool, eugenol and linoleic acid	Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators along with the Stimulation of anti-Inflammatory cytokines. Decreased production of nitric oxide. Inhibition of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase enzymes	Mueller et al. [45], Umamageswari et al. [46], Eftekhar et al. [47]
Antimicrobial activities	Eugenol, linalool and Estragole	Showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic strains of bacteria, virus, fungus, and parasites.	Sakkas et al. [48]
Anti-bacterial activity	Eugenol, linalool, Estragole, 1,8-cineole and α-terpineol	The degradation of the cell wall of bacteria, damage to cytoplasmic membrane proteins, the binding of proteins, leakage of cell contents, and coagulation of cytoplasm and depletion of the proton motive force.	Opalchenova et al. [49], Adiguzel et al. [50]
Antiviral activity	Eugenol, apigenin, linalool and ursolic acid	The inhibitory activity by preventing the viral attachment and thereby preventing its entry Into the host cell. Inhibits the production of hepatitis B virus through the Interfering with viral infection and replication.	Chiang et al. [51], Chattopadhyay et al. [52]
Anti-fungal activity	Estragole, linalol, eugenol and methyl cinnamate	Reducing DNA binding formation of aflatoxins, secondly by reacting with ROS increased by aflatoxins. Inhibition of the growth of mycelium, spore germination, and elongation of germ tube	Gucwa et al. [53], Nugroho et al. [54]
Larvicidal, Insecticidal and Anti-parasitic activity	Linalool, ketones (2-Dodecanone, Pulegone)	Acts upon biosynthesis of isoprenoid that has been shown to restrict the growth of malarial parasite. Acts as a defense mechanism against herbivorous insects and as a repellent against various arthropods	Cardoso et al. [55]
Anti-neoplastic and anticancer properties	Eugenol, ursolic acid, linalool, isoeugenol	Restriction of the growth of cancer cells by induction of apoptosis and cellular blockade. The activity against cell proliferation in Michigan Cancer Foundation-i cells. Inhibition of synthesis of DNA and possess potent cytotoxic activity against tumour cell.	Dasgupta et al. [56], Torres et al. [57]
Anti-osteoporotic effect	Apigenin, linalool and eugenol	Induces apoptosis in mature osteodasts and inhibits bone resorption and induces osteoblastic differentiation.	Rasheed et al. [58], Horcajada et al. [59]
Antioxidant activity	Rosmarinic acid, estragole, linalool, eugenol, methyl cinnamate, linoleic acid, α-cadinol and α-bergamotene	The scavenging of free radicals. The protection against oxidative stress by increasing the level of antioxidative defence enzymes.	Jayasinghe et al. [60]
Anti-ulcer activity	Eugenol, linalool, methyl eugenol, anthocyanins and 1,8-cineone	The decrease in the pepsin and acid production, lipoxygenase inhibitory, histamine antagonistic and antisecretory effects.	Akhtar et al. [61], Rashidian et al. [62]
Cardioprotective and hepatoprotective properties	Eugenol, linalool, rosrnarlnic acid	The preventing hyperlipidemia, protecting hepatic tissue from oxidant damage, and preventing hepatic fibrosis	Tabassum et al. [63], Fathiazad et al. [64]
Hypoglycemic action	Apigenin, diosmetin, genistein, kaempferol, luteolin and rosmarinic acid	Glucose utilization, enhanced production of glycogen in liver due to Increase in the level of regulatory enzymes expression, and stimulation of secretion of insulin from pancreas	Mousavi et al. [65]
Immunomodulatory activity	Eucalyptol, linalool, methyl eugenol, estragole, germacrene, and α-becgamoten	Immune cell proliferation; thereby modulating both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. Stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines.	Morshedy et al. [66]
Vitex negundo Linn.
Antioxidant activity	Vitexnegheteroins	Iridoid glycosides 19–20 exhibited weaker antioxidant effects with IC50 values >20 µm.	Singh et al. [67]
Antioxidant activity	Nishindacin A and Isonishindacin A	Compounds showed weak radical-scavenging effects on stable free radical, with scavenging activity (%) of 27.14% and 25.80%, respectively.	Kamal et al. [68]
Antioxidant activity	(3S,5R,10S)-3-[(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]- labd-8,13-dien-16,15-olide and (3S,5R,10S)-3-hydroxy-labd-8,13-dien16,15-olide	Possessed inhibitory activities on LPS-induced NO production. Compounds exhibited strong the activity of inhibition against NO production, and was the strongest inhibitor with IC50 value of 15.8 ± 1.38 µm. Compounds also showed significant inhibition of IL-1β and IL-6 level. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of compound was associated with its inhibition on inos, COX-2 and NF-κb signal pathways.	Neha et al. [14]
Antimicrobial activity	9-epivitexnegundin	Evaluated for its antimicrobial activity but the activity was not mentioned. No significant activity in cytotoxicity assays (IC50 > 100 µm) was reported.	Sichaem et al. [69]
Antifungal activity	Vitegnoside	Exhibited antifungal activity against T. Mentagrophytes and C. Neoformans with MIC value of 6.25 µg/ml.	Sathiamoorthy et al. [70]
Antifilarial activity	4,5-diethyl-30 -ethoxy-pyro flavone	Exhibited significant antifilarial activity in dose dependent manner	Rana et al. [71]
Antioxidant activity	Vitexdoin F	Exhibited stronger activity than ascorbic acid using DPPH radical-scavenging assays	Lou et al. [72]
Antioxidant activity	Vitexnegheteroin E	Exhibited antioxidant and inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced NO.	Hu et al. [73]
Anticancer activity	Vitexnegheteroin F	Exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against human liver carcinoma (hepg2) cell lines	Xu et al. [74]
Antioxidant activity	Vitexnegheteroin G	Exhibited antioxidant activities using ABTS scavenging activities.	Xu et al. [74]
Anti-inflammatory activity	(9R)-O-β-D- glucopyranosyloxy-2,5- megastigmen-4-one and (3S,4R)-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β-ionone 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	All compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity and obvious inhibitory activity (IC50 > 100 µm), respectively.	Hu et al. [73]
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Antiulcer	Glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin, glabrene	Antiulcer activity by suppressing gastrin secretion	Masoomeh et al. [75]
Antimycobacterial	Isoliquiritigenin	The antibacterial efficacy of glabridin towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was registered and the highest efficacy was shown towards Gram-positive bacteria as well as H37Ra and H37Rv mycobacterial strains.	Gupta et al. [76]
Uterine relaxant and analgesic	Licocoumarin, licochalcone, isoliquiritigenin, and glabridin	Roots and rhizomes extract exhibited an aphrodisiac efficacy in vivo and this activity is attributed to the presence of glycyrrhizin as the active ingredient	Awate et al. [77]
Corticosteroidal activity	Liquiritigenin, glycyrrhizin, and 18-glycyrrhetinic acid	Glycyrrhizin is broken down in the intestine and exhibits an anti-inflammation effect comparable with that of corticosteroid hormones, including hydrocortisone.	Yang et al. [78]
Antiallergic	Glycyrrhizin	Glycyrrhizin, liquiritigenin, and 18 - glycyrrhetinic acid are the main components responsible for the antiallergic effects of licorice and they act by inhibiting Immunoglobulin E (IgE) production in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice and effectively prevented the scratching behavior and passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in mice. Therefore, they can be used to treat allergic diseases caused by IgE, such as dermatitis and asthma.	Shin et al. [79]
Hepatoprotective	Liquiritoside and glycyrrhetic A	Glycyrrhizin has been reported to be used in the treatment of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and it acts by inhibiting CCl4-induced membrane lipid peroxidation	Xu-ying et al. [80]
Anti-inflammatory	Glycyrrhizin and glycvrrhetic A	Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses the activity of cyclooxygenase and the formation of prostaglandin E2, preventing platelet aggregation indirectly	Harwansh et al. [81]
Anticancer	Licochalcone A	Licochalcone E that was isolated from G. inflate root extract, showed potent cytotoxic activity in comparison with the famous antineoplastic drugs	Yoon et al. [82]
Antimalarial	Glycyrrhizin, Iicohkone,glycvrrhetinic acid	The antimalarial efficacy of chalcones as they found that chalcones completely eradicated P. yoelii parasite in mice without any toxic side effects	Mi-Ichi et al. [83]
Antiviral activity	Glycyrrhizin and 18-glycyrrhetinic acid	Methanolic licorice extract exhibits potent anti-fungal effectiveness towards Chaetomium funicola M002 and Arthriniumsacchari M001 and this activity is due to the glabridin active compound	De Simone et al. [84]
Antihyperglycemic	Glycyrrhizin	Root extract of G. glabra exhibited antidiabetic and lipid-lowering activities when administered to albino mice at low doses	Mustafa et al. [85]
Antitussive activity	Isoliquiritigenin and glycyrthizin	Pharmacologically, it was reported to treat bronchial cough, catarrh, and sore throat and these activities may be attributed to the existence of glycyrrhizin, which helps relieve congestion in the upper respiratory tract by accelerating the secretion of the bronchial mucosa	Kuang et al. [86], Dhingra et al. [87]
Anti-HIV	Glycyrrhizin	Glycocoumarin, licopyranocoumarin, and licochalcone A exhibited growth inhibition of the giant cell structure in cell cultures infected with HIV without any cytotoxic activity	De Simone et al. [84]
*Silybum marianum*
Antimicrobial activity	Silymarin	Destabilizes mature biofilm; inhibits tbe secretion of hydrolases; mediates destruction of membrane - Candida albicans	Yun et al. [88]
Antimicrobial activity	Silymarin	Interacts with beme - Plasmodium falciparum	Mina et al. [89]
Antimicrobial activity	Dehydroisosilybin	Inhibits Leishmania infantum promastigotes - Leishmania infantum	Olias-Molero et al. [90]
Antimicrobial activity	Silymarin	Reduces the granulomatous periovularreactionintbe liver and decreases hepatic fibrosis in mice infected with S.mansonii– schistosomiasis	Mata-Santos et al. [91]
Antimicrobial activity	Silymarin	Exerts antibacterial, antiadherence, and antibiofilm effects - MRSA 43300	Evren et al. [92]
Antimicrobial activity	Silybin	Inhibits RNA and protein synthesis in gram-positive bacteria - B. Subtilis	Lee et al. [93]
Antimicrobial activity	Silybin	Inhibits RNA and protein synthesis in gram-positive bacteria - S. Epidermidis	Lee et al. [93]
Antimicrobial activity	Silymarin	Inhibits the expression of the HCV core gene in the 3a genotype; blocks viral entry and transmission – HCV	Ashfaq et al. [94]
Antimicrobial activity	Silybin	Attenuates cellular functions involved in T-cell activation, proliferation, and HIV-I infection - HIV-I	McClure et al. [95]
Antimicrobial activity	Silymarin	Inhibits MAYV replication and attenuates MAYV-induced oxidative stress - Mayaro virus	Camini et al. [96]
Gastric cancer	Silymarin	Inhibits growth and apoptosis through modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway	Kim et al. [97]
Prostate cancer	Silymarin	Induces cytotoxicity	Gioti et al. [98]
Hepatocarcinoma	Silybin	Downregulates the Slit-2/Robo-1 pathway and mir-92-3p; upregulates mir223-3p and mir16-5p	Zappavigna et al. [99]
Lung cancer	Silybin meglumine	Impedes epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Cufi et al. [100]
Breast cancer	Silybin	Induces autophagy via ROS-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of ATP involving BNIP3; prevents 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol- 13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced MMP-9 expression and VEGF secretion via inactivation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and blockade of AP-1 activation via MAPK signaling pathways	Wang et al. [101]
Breast cancer	Silybin	Reduces the migratory and adhesive capacities of MDA-MB-231 cells, as evidenced by evaluation of the levels of b1-integrin and the downstream molecules Cdc42, Raf-1 and D4GDI; impairs mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis	Sharifi et al. [102]
Wound healing	Silymarin	Exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects	Samanta et al. [103]
	Silybin gel	0.2% silybin gel treated wounds showed more collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and proliferating blood capillaries	Hu et al. [104]
	Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol	Exerts anti-inflammatory activity through inactivation of NF-kb pathways	Katiyar et al. [105]
UVA-induced skin damage	Silymarin	Targets infiltrating CD11b+ cells in mouse skin, prevents UV radiation-induced	Li et al. [106]
	Silymarin, silybin, and 2,3-dehydrosilybin	Immunosuppression and oxidative stress in mouse skin	Katiyar et al. [107]
	Silymarin	Prevents apoptosis partially through inhibition of the caspase-8 pathway	Rajnochova Svobodova et al. [108]
	2,3dehydrosilybin	Reduces UV radiation-induced DNA damage	Li et al. [106]
	Silymarin	Partially reduces UV-induced apoptosis by activating the Akt, SIRT1, and MAPK pathways	Cheon [109]
Hair loss	Silybin	Increases hair-inductive properties via Akt and Wnt/-catenin signaling activation in human dermal papilla cells	Karbasforooshan et al. [110]
Skin aging	Silybin	Prevents or manages advanced glycation end product (AGE)-mediated pathologies	Shin et al. [111]
Skin irritation	Silybin	Exhibits retinoic acid like activity in keratinocytes	Kitajima et al. [112]

Table 3: Pharmacological activities of different herbs.

Herbal medicines contain more bioactive components than synthetic drugs, and possess health benefits superior to those provided by chemically synthesized drugs. Since consumers are increasingly focusing on natural food alternatives as a result of changing lifestyles, the application of herbs extracted bioactive components in the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals is gaining immense popularity in the modern era, in addition to basic nutrition. Globally, health organizations are focusing on using natural herbs for their identification, extraction, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties in the light of safety concerns regarding synthetic medicines. Plant phytochemicals in natural medicinal herbs possess higher antioxidant properties than chemically synthesized medicines in terms of radical scavengers, hydrogen donors, and singlet oxygen quenchers. Formulations for treating various ailments can be made from herbal medicines with quality assurance.

Role of Different Herbs in Prevention of COVID-19

Infections of COVID-19 can be minimized by using curry leaves mouthwash containing essential oils and saponin [113]. Inhibitors of glycoprotein adhesion on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 found in essential oils and extracts of Ocimum genus species prevent viral replication and therefore strengthen the immune system. COVID-19 can be managed with Ocimum species [114]. As a potential drug molecule for treating SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19), phyto-compounds from Vitex negundo including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3b-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid, and isovitexin interact with the PLpro via hydrogen bonds [115]. A significant decrease in ACE2 expression in the small intestine is observed after treatment with Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract, which may represent an entry point for transport of nutrients SARS CoV-2.Silybin, an active constituent found in Silybum marianum exhibited higher binding affinity with targets in SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to the drugs against SARS-CoV-2 [116].

Application Of Herbal Plants In Formulation Of Functional Foods And Nutraceuticals

Large amounts of food formulation based on functional benefits of medicinal plants are marked throughout the world depending on nutrigenomics of inhabitants in a particular region. These food products ranging from baked items, snacks, ready to eatables and beverages are fetching higher marginal profits due to their therapeutic properties besides nutrition.A variety of developed food products have depicted to reduce the incidence of chronic and other commonly prevailing disabling disorders among consumers and thus have proved to potential contributors of enhancing health and wellness of consumers. A number of herbal plant infusion available in market as ready to serve drinks, instant tea, or squashes have been found to possess antidiabetic properties due to presence of functional ingredients including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, essential oils that have been validated in increasing sugar metabolism by stimulating excessive insulin secretion and maximising excretion of sugar by causing excessive renal dieresis [117]. The nutraceuticals made from derivatives of medicinal plants have revealed to possess antimicrobial, anti-depressant, anti-anxiety, anti-dementia, anti-convulsions, anti-inflammatory effects and prevent the body from metabolic diseases that leads to different types of complications. Nutritional therapist has becoming an emerging discipline with promising impact focusing on utilisation of plant-based nutraceuticals and functional foods for treatment of chronic ailments. Some of the commonly available herbal based nutraceuticals are discussed in table 4.

S.NO.	Product name	Ingredients	Health Benefits
1.	HealthKart HK Vitals Multivitamin with Multimineral, Taurine & Ginseng Extract	100% RDA of vitamins like Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Biotin and Vitamin B12, 8 essential minerals including iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, iodine and selenium, Standardised ginseng extracts derived from Panax ginseng, Special amino acids blend including essential amino acids and branched chain amino acids.	· Get 3 times the amount of Zinc and Calcium for enhanced immunity · Fortified with amino acids to aid muscle development · Complete With Anti-Oxidising Natural Extracts Like Ginseng · Contains all essential vitamins and 8 essential minerals to conveniently balance your diet.
2.	Nutrabay Wellness Curcumin Extract with Piperine 1000mg	Curcumin Extract, Piperine Nigrum Extract (Piperine), Glidant (INS 553 (iii)) and Diluent (INS 460 (i))	· Anti-inflammatory · Powerful antioxidant · Mental health support
3.	Carbamide Forte Garcinia Cambogia 3000mg for Weight Loss Supplement, 60% HCA & Chromium	Garcinia Cambogia Extract, Piper Nigrum Extract, Binder (INS 1404), Firming Agent (INS 341), Anticaking Agent (INS 460 (i) & INS 551), Stabilizer (INS 1201), Thickener (INS 464), Emulsifier (INS 466), Antifoaming Agent (INS 1521)	· Rapid Fat Burn, · Appetite Suppression, · NaturalWeight Loss, · Carb Blocker, · Reduce Emotional Cravings, · Improve Metabolism
4.	Nutrabay Wellness Milk Thistle Extract (Silymarin Marianum)1000mg	Milk Thistle Extract (Silymarin Marianum), Glidant (INS 553 (iii)) and Diluent (INS 460 (i))	· Liver Care · Boost Metabolism · Powerful Antioxidant
5.	Fast&Up Ashwagandha (KSM-66) 600mg, 5% Withanolides – Natural Vitality Booster	Ashwagandha (KSM-66) (Withaniasomnifera)- (5% Withanolides) Root Extract	· Promotes Vitality, Energy and Vigor · Promotes Muscle Strength and Endurance · Supports Immune System and general wellness
6.	Wellbeing Nutrition Slow Liver Health \| High Strength Milk Thistle, Arjuna &Berberry	Milk Thistle, Kasani, Himsra, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Berberry, Daruharidra, Arjuna	· Liver protection · Reduces Inflammation · Control Cholestrol · Improves Fat Metabolism · Improve Digestion
7.	Healthyhey Nutrition Panax Ginseng 400Mg	Panax Ginseng Root Extract 400mg (20% Ginsenosides)	· Supports physical & intellectual work capacity
8.	Foresta Organics Brain Health with Brahmi, Shankhpushpi& Gingko Biloba	Shankhpushpi, Brahmi, Ginkgo Biloba	· Improves Alertness · Reduce Anxiety · Control Mood Swings · Better Eye Health · Enhanced Memory Retention
9.	Wellbeing Nutrition Apple Cider Vinegar w/ Mother & Garcinia Cambogia	Himalayan Red and Gold Apples, Pomegranate, Garcinia Cambogia	· Heathy Weight Loss · Boosts Metabolosm · Improves Heart Health · Supports Glowing Skin · Helps Digestion
10.	Bigmuscles Nutrition Spirulina Organic Tablets (1500mg)	Organic Spirulina, Black Pepper Extract	· Skin & Hair · Blood Pressure · Anti-Imflammatory · Lowers Cholestrol
11.	Doctor’s Choice Trans4orm \| 4 Forms of CARNITINE Blend \| CLA \| Garcinia Cambogia	Black Pepper Extract, CLA, Garcinia Cambogia, Vitamins, TRANS4ORM Blend	· Promotes Fat Burning · Regulates Cravings · Weight Management · Increases Metabolism
12.	Neuherbs Plant Based Green Coffee Instant Charge in Classic Coffee Flavour (20 Effervescent tablets)	Green Coffee Beans Extract, Cholorogenic Acid, Natural Caffeine, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12	· Helps boost up metabolism · Helps fuel up daily energy level instantly, Aids in reducing fatigue & daily body exhaustion
13.	Foresta Organics Menz-X Health with Shilajit, Ashwagandha, Kaunch & Safed Musli	Shilajit, Kaunch, Akarkara, Ashwagandha & Safed Musli	· Helps boost stamina · Helps enhance male libido · Helps improve energy levels · Helps improve potency · Manages stress and fatigue
14.	Dr Vaidya’s Stress Relief	Ashwagandha, Tagar, Brahmi, Jatamansi	· Helps combat anxiety & promote sound sleep
15.	Bigmuscles Nutrition Natural Neem Extract (800mg)	Organic Neem Extract	· Promotes Radiant Skin · Supports Immune System · Acne Relief · Improves Mood
16.	Bigmuscles Nutrition Natural Neem Extract (800mg)	Tila (Sesamum indicum) seed powder, Fructo-oligosaccharides, Honey,Water, Amino acid blend 7% (Glycine, L- Proline, L- Alanine, L-Hydroxyproline, L-Arginine, L-Lysine), Rose hips extract, Aloe vera extract, Gajar (Daucus carota) powder, Glutathione, Badam (Prunus amygdalus) Kernel powder, Tila (Sesamum indicum) oil, Pumpkin seed powder, Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora) flower extract, Nature Identical flavouring substances, Flaxseed powder, Cranberry extract, Sodium Hyaluronate, Moringa leaf extract, Blueberry extract, Vitamin E, Zinc, Green tea extract, Preservatives (INS 202, INS 211), Sitawar powder	· Beneficial for skin elasticity · Skin moisture · Advanced anti-aging formula
17.	Patanjali Nutrela Diabetic Care	Fructo-oligosaccharides, High Oleic, Sunflower Oil, Stabilizer (INS 414), Caseinates, Hydrolysed whey peptide, Diluent (Maltodextrin), Emulsifier {INS 322(i), INS 415}, Anti-caking agent (INS 551), Mineralsn 0.4% (Phosphorus, potassium, Zinc, Tricalcium phosphate, Maganesium, Ferrous fumarate, Manganese, Copper, Iodine, Selenium, Molybdenum, Chromium), Nature-identical flavouring substances, Bitter gourd, Gudmar (Gymnerasytvestre) Extract (0.1%), Kokam (Garcinia indica) Powder (0.1%), Giloy (Tinosporacardifolia), Taurine, Banaba leaves extract (0.1 %), Vitamin Premix (0.06%) {Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 (Bio-fermented), Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B7, Vitamin B12 (Bio-fermented)} Sweetener (INS 950), INS 955), Jamun seed powder, Licorice extract 0.01%, Fenugreek, Rosemary Extract (0.01 %), Cinnamon Extract (0.01%), Myo- inositol, Alpha-lipoic acid, L-camitine, Vitamin D (Bio-fermented) (0.01%)	· Diabetic Care is a scientifically designed formulation to help manage blood sugar levels and weight.
18.	Himalayan Organics Pcos Multivitamin Supplement 2000Mg	Myo-Inositol, Alpha Lipoic Acid, AlgasCalcareas, Caonositol, Vitamin D2, Folate, Chromium Picolinate	· Acne Control · Weight Management · Hormonal Balance · Minimizes Facial Hair
19.	Wellbeing Nutrition Melts Testo Power Testofen, Himalayan Shilajit, Ginkgo Biloba – Plant Based (30 Oral Strips)	Testofen*(A patented Fenugreek extract), Pure Himalayan Shilajit, Ginkgo Biloba, Saffron	· Increases Testosterone Production · Reduce Stress & Uplifts Mood · Supports Lean Muscle Gain · Enhance Performance · Improve Stamina · Boosts Energy Levels
20.	Nutrova Complete Omega 3	Algal extract containing 17% DHA	· DHA is an omega-3 fat that forms structures of our brain, nerves, eyes and skin and also regulates inflammation

Table 4: Commonly available herbal supplements in market.

Conclusion

An overview of the distribution, ethnobotany, metabolites, ethno pharmacology, and potential medicinal uses of different herbs was provided in this review. It is also important to explore and discuss the clinical efficacy and toxicity studies. Due to the controversy surrounding herbal drug characterization, the secondary metabolites in extracts of all herbs must be identified and characterized analytically. Considering that herbal drugs may interact with other drugs and with foods, the effects of herbal extracts on drug-food interactions must be experimentally validated in a clinical setting. A study of high-throughput experiments and DNA microarrays may also provide a platform for researching and developing drugs from natural products thanks to advances in experimental research.

Conflict of Interest

The authors are having no conflict of interest with anyone related to publishing this review paper.

References

Citation: Sharma D, Gupta R, Bhat FM (2023) Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally Used Herbal Plants and Their Potential Applications in Nutraceutical Formulations. J Food Sci Nutr 9: 171.

Copyright: © 2023 Diksha Sharma, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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