Oral diseases encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the mouth, teeth, gums, and surrounding structures, with the most common being dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal (gum) disease, oral cancers, oral infections, and trauma. These conditions are primarily caused by poor oral hygiene, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diets high in sugar, and lack of access to professional dental care. Dental caries and periodontal disease are particularly prevalent and can lead to pain, tooth loss, and systemic health problems such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes if left untreated. Oral cancers, often associated with tobacco and alcohol use, have high mortality rates due to late diagnosis.

Oral diseases can significantly impair speech, nutrition, self-esteem, and quality of life. Despite being largely preventable, oral diseases remain a major public health issue worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries where awareness, infrastructure, and dental care resources are limited. Effective strategies for prevention and control include regular oral hygiene practices (brushing and flossing), dietary modifications, cessation of harmful habits like smoking, fluoride use, public health education, and regular dental check-ups. The Journal of Dentistry: Oral Health & Cosmetics highlights the latest research and clinical practices that advance the understanding and treatment of oral diseases, aiming to improve both aesthetic and functional outcomes for patients.