Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent form of diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and a progressive decline in pancreatic beta-cell function. It is commonly associated with obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and genetic factors. T2DM often has a gradual onset and may remain asymptomatic for years, leading to delayed diagnosis and early complications. Pathophysiologically, insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, particularly muscle and adipose tissue, reduces glucose uptake, while hepatic gluconeogenesis exacerbates hyperglycemia. Over time, pancreatic beta cells fail to compensate, resulting in chronic high blood glucose levels. Management includes lifestyle modification (dietary changes, physical activity, weight loss), oral hypoglycemic agents (e.g., metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors), and insulin in advanced stages. T2DM significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Early screening in high-risk populations, personalized therapy, and integration of digital health tools are key strategies for prevention and control. Addressing social determinants of health and promoting public awareness are critical to curbing the global T2DM epidemic.