Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that cause damage to the optic nerve, commonly linked to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). It is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The two main types are open-angle glaucoma, which progresses slowly and often without symptoms, and angle-closure glaucoma, a rarer form that occurs suddenly and requires immediate medical attention. In many cases, glaucoma develops silently, with peripheral vision loss occurring before central vision is affected.

Risk factors for glaucoma include advancing age, a family history of the disease, elevated eye pressure, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Diagnosis involves comprehensive eye exams, including IOP measurement, optic nerve evaluation, and visual field testing. While damage from glaucoma cannot be reversed, early treatment through medicated eye drops, oral medications, laser procedures, or surgery can slow or halt its progression. Regular eye exams, especially after age 40, are crucial for early detection and long-term vision preservation.