Optic neuropathy refers to damage of the optic nerve, the critical pathway that transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in partial or complete vision loss and may be caused by factors such as poor blood flow (ischemic optic neuropathy), inflammation (optic neuritis), and compression from tumors, toxins, or nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms often include blurred vision, loss of color perception, visual field defects, and, in some cases, eye pain—especially with optic neuritis.

Optic neuritis is commonly linked to autoimmune conditions like multiple sclerosis, while ischemic forms are more prevalent in older adults. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough eye examination, visual field testing, MRI imaging, and occasionally blood tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment varies depending on the source and may include corticosteroids, managing systemic diseases, or surgical options. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are vital to preserve remaining vision and prevent further optic nerve damage.